What hormones are produced by the pancreas?

The pancreas plays a crucial role in regulating blood sugar levels through the secretion of hormones, primarily insulin and glucagon. Insulin, produced by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans, helps lower blood glucose levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into the cells, particularly in muscle and fat tissues. It also promotes the storage of glucose as glycogen in the liver. On the other hand, glucagon, produced by the alpha cells, raises blood glucose levels by stimulating the liver to convert glycogen back into glucose and release it into the bloodstream. This balance between insulin and glucagon is vital for maintaining normal glucose homeostasis.

The other hormones listed in the other options are not produced by the pancreas. Adrenaline and cortisol are produced by the adrenal glands, thyroxine and triiodothyronine are thyroid hormones, and estrogen and progesterone are primarily produced by the ovaries. Understanding the specific functions and roles of these hormones is essential for comprehending how the endocrine system regulates processes like metabolism, stress response, and reproductive functions.